Photo: AFP
Native plants in the Tongariro National Park are being hit hard by the spread of invasive heather, with a 40 to 50 percent decline in native species in some areas, a study has found.
Study co-author Dr Julie Deslippe, a senior lecturer in biological sciences at Te Herenga Waka-Victoria University of Wellington, said the expansion of heather was having a dramatic effect on native plant communities in Tongariro.
"In places where ground cover of heather is high, we found native ferns, sedges, and rushes have disappeared completely."
Across the 15 sites surveyed in the study, areas with high coverage of heather had 11 fewer native plant species than those with low coverage.
Heather was originally planted in the park in the early 20th century as part of plans to create habitat for grouse. It was now recognised as a pest plant and it was illegal to sell or distribute it.
Deslippe said major changes in the growth of red tussock, a native grass and the dominant species in the national park, were also detected.
"We found a significant decline in the diameter of red tussock. We think the tussock may be responding to competition from the heather by reducing its spread and focusing instead on maintaining its height in an effort to survive."
Study co-author Darby Moyle, a Master of Science student at Te Herenga Waka, said the heather's expansion into the national park also appeared to be having an effect below ground.
"The roots of the red tussock play host to a particular type of beneficial fungus. The tussock and the fungus have a symbiotic relationship-each relies on the other for its survival. However, we discovered higher concentrations of heather were associated with lower levels of this fungus.
"We think this change is contributing to heather's success and red tussock's decline. The tussock is highly dependent on its symbiotic fungus so any reduction will make life harder for the tussock," Moyle said.
Heather had its own symbiotic fungus, which would spread as the plant advances.
Moyle said heather was common over roughly one third of the landscape in Tongariro National Park and the plant, with its distinctive pink flowers, was easy to spot from the Desert Road.
"Heather's invasion of our alpine tussock grasslands will likely lead to a loss of plant diversity, turning these native grasslands into low-diversity shrublands. We've seen similar patterns in other countries as invasive plants have made their way into mountainous areas, aided by a warming climate."
Results of the study had published in the journal Oecologia.
The work, funded by a Marsden Grant from the Royal Society of New Zealand, was part of broader research investigating how changes in alpine plant communities would affect the carbon cycle.
