By Simon Kingham* of 
Photo: 123rf
Opinion - It seems New Zealand is about to slow down, with proposals to reduce urban speed limits right across the country, as well as on state highways. And while there has been some resistance, the evidence suggests it's the right move.
The changes are part of Waka Kotahi's Road to Zero project, which tasked local councils with developing speed management plans to reduce transport-related deaths. Generally, those plans will set 30 kilometre per hour (km/h) limits around schools and 40km/h limits in many residential areas of Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin.
There's no doubt speed is a major factor in the number of deaths and injuries on New Zealand roads. It causes more injuries than alcohol and drugs, and it's estimated that 87 percent of current speed limits are incorrectly set.
But there's a counter argument that speed limits should only be reduced in "high-risk areas", with school environs being the most common example. Widespread speed limit reduction, the argument goes, will waste drivers' time and damage the economy.
But this assumes the only way speed limits affect society is through crash-related deaths and injuries, and through time lost travelling. So it's important we recognise the other significant benefits that come from slowing traffic down.
Death and injury
The risk of injury or death if you are hit by a vehicle is substantially lower at speeds below 50km/h. At 40km/h, for example, the risk of dying drops from around 90% to around 10%. For injuries, the greater reductions are seen at speeds of 20 or 30km/h.
Research in the UK found the introduction of 20 miles per hour (mp/h) zones resulted in a 42% reduction in road casualties, and the reduction was greatest in younger children. There was also no evidence of more people moving to drive on adjacent streets with higher speed limits.
Recent research in Wales, a country with a population of 3.1 million that implemented a default urban speed limit of 20mp/h (30km/h), found the economic value of savings from lower accident rates to be in the region of NZ$180m in the first year alone. The total value is far greater if other benefits are included.
What statistics don't show is the reality of the suffering road crash deaths and injuries cause. But survivors' stories, such as those recorded by transportation consultant Jeanette Ward, also powerfully demonstrate how lower speeds can save lives.
Economics and emissions
But what of the argument that slowing drivers down and prolonging trips mean the economy will suffer? There are two answers to this.
Cars on an Auckland motorway. Photo: RNZ / Marika Khabazi
The first is that evidence shows lower speed limits in urban areas add virtually no time to journeys. You can see why in this simple simulation that compares traffic with different speed limits.
The second is that people don't always productively use the time saved by faster travel. In fact, research suggests[https://futuretransport.info/urban-traffic-research people often choose to travel further, especially for their daily commute. Making journeys faster can also encourage people to travel more often. This is called induced demand and it adds to congestion.
Furthermore, there is a reasonably established relationship between the speed a vehicle travels and greenhouse gas emissions, with the lowest emissions being produced when a vehicle travels at around 55-80km/h.
However, this assumes a vehicle is moving smoothly, without stops and starts. Higher emissions are created when a vehicle has to repeatedly brake and accelerate. While individual driver behaviour can be a factor, the road environment and volume of traffic play a role too.
Research has actually found that in urban areas the optimum speed limit to minimise emissions for small petrol cars is 28.2km/h. For larger vehicles, diesels and SUVs, CO2 emissions are minimised with a maximum speed of 20km/h.
The World Health Organization estimates traffic noise is the second-biggest environmental stressor on public health after air pollution. Lower speeds significantly reduce noise, with research finding that "in urban areas with speeds of between 30 and 60kp/h, reducing speeds by 10kp/h would cut noise levels by up to 40 percent".
Lower speed limits have also been shown to reduce health inequalities. One of the UK's most eminent experts, Oxford University's Professor Danny Dorling, said a 20 mile per hour (30km/h) speed limit was "the most effective thing a local authority can do to reduce health inequalities".
This is particularly important, given rates of road injury and death in New Zealand disproportionately affect Māori, younger people and low-income communities.
A range of other benefits from reducing speed limits are identified by Paul Tranter and Rod Tolley in their book Slow Cities. These include more physical activity from walking and cycling, time saved from not having to earn the money necessary to own and operate a car, and broader economic benefits for individuals and businesses.
Overall, reduced speed limits in urban areas would not only reduce injuries and deaths, they would also make our towns and cities better places to live.
*Professor of Human Geography, University of Canterbury. Disclosure statement: Simon Kingham is seconded two days a week to the New Zealand Ministry of Transport as Chief Science Advisor.
